Appendix B
Development of Manned Space Flight, American and Soviet
| Name of spacecraft | Launch date | Occupant | Payload weight (kg) | Flight time (hr: min: sec) | Basic flight objectives | Summary of results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1959 | ||||||
| LJ-1 | 21 Aug. | Unmanned | 1007 | 00:00:20 | Maximum dynamic pressure abort test; evaluation of launch escape and recovery systems. | Objectives not met; abort initiated during countdown. |
| Big Joe | 9 Sept. | Unmanned | 1159 | 00:13:00 | Ballistic flight; evaluation of heat-protection concept, aerodynamic shape, and recovery system. | Successful. |
| LJ-6 | 4 Oct. | Unmanned | 11341 | 00:05:10 | Ballistic flight; qualification of launch vehicle structure; evaluation of command system. | Successful. |
| LJ-1A | 4 Nov. | Unmanned | 1007 | 00:08:11 | Maximum dynamic pressure abort test; same as LJ-1. | Primary objective not met: escape motor ignition was late. |
| LJ-2 | 4 Dec. | Rhesus monkey "Sam" | 10071 | 00:11:06 | High-altitude abort test; evaluation of launch, abort, and reentry dynamics; recovery. | Successful. |
| 1960 | ||||||
| LJ-1B | 21 Jan. | Rhesus monkey "Miss Sam" | 10071 | 00:08:35 | Maximum dynamic pressure abort test; same as LJ-1A; evaluation of launch and abort. | Successful. |
| Beach abort | 45421 | Unmanned | 1154 | 00:01:16 | Off-the-pad abort test; qualification of structure and launch escape system for simulated pad abort. | Successful. |
| Korabl Sputnik 12 | 45427 | Simulated man | 4546 | _ | Place space cabin into orbit; test life support systems; recover cabin from orbit. | Put in near circular orbit; recovery operation malfunction, 19 May; burned up after 844 days. |
| MA-1 | 45502 | Unmanned | 1154 | 00:03:18 | Ballistic flight; test of spacecraft/launch vehicle compatibility; thermal loads in critical abort. | Objectives not met; mission failed at about 60 sec after lift-off. |
| Korabl Sputnik II2 | 19 Aug. | Animals | 4600 | 25:00:00 | Test of capsule and recovery system; evaluation of effects of space travel on biological payload (2 dogs, Strelka [Little Arrow] and Belka [Squirrel]; 12 mice; 2 rats; 15 flasks of fruit flies; plants). | Successful; 17½-orbit flight and recovery. |
| LJ-5 | 8 Nov. | Unmanned | 11411 | 00:02:22 | Maximum dynamic pressure abort test; qualification of launch escape system and structure. | Objectives not met; spacecraft did not separate from launch vehicle. |
| MR-1 | 21 Nov. | Simulated man | 1211 | 00:00:00 | Suborbital flight; qualification of spacecraft/ launch vehicle compatibility; posigrades. | Test objectives not met; launch vehicle shut down at lift-off. |
| Korabl Sputnik III2 | 1 Dec. | Animals | 4563 | 24:00:001 | Test of equipment for manned flights; evaluation of effects of space travel on biological payload (2 dogs, Pchelka [Bee] and Mushka [Little Fly]; mice; insects; plants). | Spacecraft burned up on unprogrammed reentry, 2 Dec. |
| MR-1A | 19 Dec. | Unmanned | 12111 | 00:15:45 | Suborbital flight; same as MR-1. | Successful; cutoff overspeed caused overshoot of recovery area. |
| 1961 | ||||||
| MR-2 | 31 Jan. | Chimpanzee "Ham" | 1203 | 00:16:39 | Suborbital flight; acquisition of physiological and performance data on a primate in flight; systems qualification tests. | Successful; early depletion of liquid oxygen triggered escape rocket, which yanked spacecraft 209 km beyond recovery area. |
| MA-2 | 21 Feb. | Unmanned | 11541 | 00:17:56 | Ballistic flight; same as MA-1. | Successful. |
| Korabl Sputnik IV2 | 9 Mar. | Simulated man and animals | 4700 | 01:30:001 | Testing of structure and systems for manned flight; observation of effects of biological payload (1 dog, Chernushka [Blackie]; mice; guinea pigs). | Successful 1-orbit flight; upon recovery animal passengers were reported to be alive and well. |
| LJ-5A | 18 Mar. | Unmanned | 1141 | 00:23:48 | Maximum dynamic pressure abort test; same as LJ-5. | Objectives not met; escape rocket ignited early. |
| MR-BD | 24 Mar. | Unmanned | 11411 | 00:08:23 | Suborbital flight; evaluation of modifications to correct MR-1A and MR-2 malfunctions. | Successful. |
| Korabl Sputnik V2 | 25 Mar. | Simulated man and dog | 4695 | 01:30:001 | Further test of structure and systems, including recovery of biological payload and the simulated cosmonaut "Ivan Ivanovich"(1 dog, Zvezdochka [Little Star]). | Successful. |
| Vostok 1 Kedr Cedar |
12 Apr. | Gagarin | 4725 | 01:48:00 | Placement of manned spacecraft into orbit; safe recovery of cosmonaut and craft. | Successful 1-orbit flight; first manned orbital flight. |
| MA-3 | 25 Apr. | Unmanned | 11791 | 00:07:19 | 1-pass orbital flight; evaluation of all systems, network, and recovery forces. | Objectives not met; launch vehicle failed to follow roll program; escape system operated. |
| LJ-5B | 28 Apr. | Unmanned | 1141 | 00:05:25 | Maximum dynamic pressure abort test; same as LJ-5 and LJ-5A. | Successful. |
| MR-3 Freedom 7 |
5 May | Shepard | 1290 | 00:15:22 | Suborbital flight; familiarization of man with space flight; evaluation of response and control of craft. | Successful; first American in space. landing 402 km down-range; recovery in 3 hr. |
| MR-4 Liberty Bell 7 |
21 July | Grissom | 1286 | 00:15:37 | Suborbital flight; same as MR-3. | Successful; after water landing, premature hatch release caused craft to sink; astronaut recovered. |
| Vostok 2 Oryel Eagle |
6 Aug. | Titov | 4731 | 25:18:00 | Study effects of prolonged weightlessness on cosmonaut after 17 orbits of flight. | Successful 17½-orbit flight. |
| MA-4 | 13 Sept. | Unmanned | 11791 | 01:49:20 | 1-pass orbital flight; same as MA-3. | Successful; circuit anomaly in control system caused landing 120 km uprange. |
| MA-5 | 29 Nov. | Chimpanzee "Enos" | 1331 | 03:20:59 | 3-pass orbital flight; qualification of all systems and network for orbital flight recovery. | Successful; control system malfunction terminated flight after 2 passes. |
| 1962 | ||||||
| MA-6 Friendship 7 |
20 Feb. | Glenn | 1355 | 04:55:23 | 3-pass orbital flight; evaluation of effects on and performance of astronaut in space. | Successful; first American to orbit earth; control system malfunction required manual retro-fire and reentry. |
| MA-7 Aurora 7 |
24 May | Carpenter | 1349 | 04:56:05 | 3-pass orbital flight; same as MA-6; evaluation of spacecraft modifications and network. | Successful; horizon scanner circuit malfunction required manual retro-fire; yaw error caused landing 402 km down-range; recovery in 3 hr. |
| Vostok 3 Sokol Falcon |
11 Aug. | Nikolayev | 4723 | 94:09:59 | Orbit of manned craft and precision recovery; orbit in close conjunction with Vostok 4. | Successful; transmitted live TV to Soviet ground stations; radio communication with Vostok 4; 64 orbits. |
| Vostok 4 Berkut Golden Eagle |
12 Aug. | Popovich | 4729 | 70:43:48 | Orbit in close conjunction with Vostok 3; same as Vostok 3. | Successful; first tandem flight; 48 orbits. |
| MA-8 Sigma 7 |
3 Oct. | Schirra | 1373 | 09:13:11 | Six-pass orbital flight; same as MA-6 and MA-7 except for extended time. | Successful; partially blocked ECS coolant valve delayed stabilizing suit temperature until 2d pass; on target recovery. |
| 1963 | ||||||
| MA-9 Faith 7 |
15 May | Cooper | 1376 | 34:19:49 | 22-pass orbital flight; evaluation of effects of a lengthier stay in space on man; verification of man as primary spacecraft system. | Successful; manual retro-fire and reentry; on target landing. |
| Vostok 5 Yastreb Hawk |
14 June | Bykovsky | 4720 | 119:06:00 | Study of effect of prolonged flight on human organism; tandem flight with Vostok 6; improvement of spacecraft equipment and pilotage. | Successful; completed record 81 orbits; 48 tandem orbits. |
| Vostok 6 Chaika Seagull |
16 June | Tereshkova | 4713 | 70:50:00 | Study of effects of space flight on a woman; tandem flight with Vostok 5. | Successful; first woman to fly in space; completed 48-orbit flight in tandem with Vostok 5. |
| PA-1 | 7 Nov. | Unmanned | 71773 | 00:02:45 | Evaluation of Apollo escape configuration during pad abort. | Successful. |
| 1964 | ||||||
| GT-1 | 8 Apr. | Unmanned | 3187 | 04:50:00 | Test of structural integrity of Gemini spacecraft and compatibility of Gemini and Titan II launch vehicle. | Successful; recovery not planned; reentered after 64th orbital pass and disintegrated. |
| A-001 | 13 May | Unmanned | 262843 | 00:05:50 | Determination of aerodynamic characteristics of launch escape system. | Successful. |
| AS-101 | 28 May | Unmanned | SM: 1892 CM: 4218 |
00:10:24 | Demonstration of compatibility of spacecraft with launch vehicle in launch and exit trajectory and environment for Apollo earth orbital flights. | Successful; no recovery planned; craft reentered on 54th orbital pass and disintegrated. |
| AS-102 | 18 Sept. | Unmanned | SM: 1882 CM: 4299 |
00:10:21 | Demonstration of compatibility of spacecraft with launch vehicle in launch and exit trajectory; determination of launch and exit environmental parameters; demonstration of alternate mode of escape-tower jettisonDemonstration of compatibility of spacecraft with launch vehicle in launch and exit trajectory; determination of launch and exit environmental parameters; demonstration of alternate mode of escape-tower jettison. | Successful; no recovery planned; craft reentered on 59th orbital pass and disintegrated. |
| Cosmos 47 | 6 Oct. | Unmanned | 53201 | 24:00:001 | Vosted precursor to | Orbital data nearly identical to 12 Oct. Voskhod I flight. |
| Voskhod I Rubin Ruby |
12 Oct. | Komarov Yegorov Feoktistov |
5320 | 24:17:03 | Test of multiseat spacecraft; check of interaction of 3 cosmonauts; evaluation of medical findings on prolonged flight; test of soft-landing apparatus and shirtsleeve cabin environment. | Successful; 16-orbit flight. |
| A-002 | 8 Dec. | Unmanned | 427883 | 00:07:23 | Demonstration of launch vehicle performance and verification of abort capability in maximum dynamic pressure region. | Successful; CM recovered. |
| 1965 | ||||||
| GT-2 | 19 Jan. | Unmanned | 3122 | 00:18:16 | Demonstration of adequacy of reentry heat protection equipment, structural integrity, and capability of craft and systems; evaluation of backup guidance steering signals. | Successful; except for fuel cell results as fuel cell was deactivated before lift-off because of malfunction. |
| Cosmos 57 | 22 Feb. | Unmanned | 5683 | NA | Unmanned precursor to Voskhod II. | Orbital data somewhat similar to 18 Mar. Voskhod II flight; exploded in orbit. |
| Voskhod II Almaz Diamond |
18 Mar. | Belyayev Leonov |
5683 | 26:02:17 | Performance and evaluation of EVA; use of manual reentry system. | EVA successful; overshot landing area and landed in snow-covered forest area; crew was rescued. |
| GT-3 Molly Brown |
23 Mar. | Grissom Young |
3225 | 04:52:31 | Evaluation of manned flight in Gemini and its 2-man design; evaluation of worldwide tracking network; maneuvering in orbit; control of reentry flight-path and recovery area; evaluation of systems: prelaunch, launch, and recovery. | Successful; performed 2 out of 3 experiments; Grissom became 1st man to make 2d space flight. |
| A-003 | 19 May | Unmanned | 803723 | 00:05:03 | Demonstration of performance of launch escape system in high-altitude region; demonstration of orientation of CM to a main-heatshield-forward attitude after abort. | Partially successful; required altitude not achieved; low-altitude conditions observed successfully. |
| GT-4 | 3 June | McDivitt White |
3574 | 97:40:01 | Evaluation of effects of long exposure; demonstration of EVA; station-keeping; rendezvous with detached 2d stage. | Successful; rendezvous attempt abandoned because of excessive fuel consumption; 22-min EVA; computer malfunction necessitated ballistic reentry. |
| PA-2 | 29 June | Unmanned | CM: 4940 | 00:01:52 | Demonstration of capability of launch escape system to abort from launch pad and recover. | Successful. |
| GT-5 | 21 Aug. | Cooper Conrad |
3605 | 190:55:14 | Evaluation of performance of rendezvous guidance and navigation systems using a rendezvous evaluation pod; confirmation of physiological endurance for lunar mission. | Successful except for rendezvous failure because of fuel-cell heater problem; longest manned space flight in time and distance (8 days); performed 16 of 17 experiments. |
| GT-7 | 4 Dec. | Borman Lovell |
3663 | 330:35:01 | Rendezvous with GT-7; stationkeeping; spacecraft systems tests. | Successful; accurate controlled reentry; performed 20 experiments. |
| GT-6A | 15 Dec. | Schirra Stafford |
3546 | 25:51:24 | Demonstration of 14-day mission capability; rendezvous target for GT-6A; stationkeeping; evaluation of lightweight pressure suit. | Successful; first rendezvous in space. |
| 1966 | ||||||
| A-004 | 20 Jan. | Unmanned | 634463 | 00:06:50 | Demonstration of satisfactory launch escape system performance for an abort in the power-on tumbling boundary region; demonstration of structural integrity of launch escape system airframe structure during same period. | Successful. |
| Cosmos 110 | 22 Feb. | Animals | 52001 | 528:00:001 (22 days)1 |
Evaluation of prolonged effects of radiation in space travel on the biological payload (2 dogs, Veterok [Breeze] and Ugolek [Blackie]). | Successful; reportedly a Soyuz-type reentry vehicle. |
| AS-201 | 26 Feb. | Unmanned | SM: 3654 CM: 4990 |
00:37:20 | Demonstration of compatibility and structural integrity of spacecraft and Saturn IB configuration; evaluation of heat-shield performance. | Successful; 1st flight separation of launch vehicle and production spacecraft; 1st SM burn and restart at altitude; 1st full flight test of Block I spacecraft. |
| Cosmos 111 | 1 Mar. | Unmanned | NA | 48:00:00 | Orbital data similar to manned flight. | Possible precursor flight to 23 Apr. 1967 Soyuz 1 flight. |
| GT-8 | 16 Mar. | Armstrong Scott |
3788 | 10:41:26 | Rendezvous and docking with target vehicle; EVA; docking practice. | Rendezvous and docking successful; unexpected roll and yaw motion prevented further activity and necessitated early return; EVA not performed; safe recovery. |
| GT-9A | 3 June | Stafford Cernan |
3750 | 72:20:50 | Rendezvous and docking with target vehicle; EVA; docking practice. | Target vehicle had not been separated from its launch shroud, making docking impossible; 2-hr and 7-min EVA; rendezvous as planned; controlled reentry; landed 0.7 km from target. |
| GT-10 | 18 July | Young Collins |
3763 | 70:46:39 | Rendezvous and docking with target vehicle; use of target vehicle propulsion system to rendezvous with 2d target vehicle; EVA. | Successful; 2 EVA periods. |
| AS-202 | 25 Aug. | Unmanned | SM: 4466 CM: 5471 |
01:33:00 | Flight test of production Apollo Block I type spacecraft using Saturn IB launch vehicle; demonstration of structural integrity and compatibility; evaluation of heatshield performance. | Successful. |
| GT-11 | 12 Sept. | Conrad Gordon |
3798 | 71:17:08 | 1st revolution rendezvous and docking; EVA; docking practice; maneuvers in docked configuration to high altitude. | Successful; reached record altitude of about 1400 km above earth. |
| GT-12 | 11 Nov. | Lovell Aldrin |
3763 | 94:34:31 | Rendezvous and docking with target vehicle; 3 EVAs; tethered station-keeping exercise; maneuvers. | EVA and rendezvous/docking exercises successful; trouble with target vehicle prevented maneuvers; last Gemini flight. |
| Cosmos 133 | 28 Nov. | Unmanned | 65751 | 48:00:001 | Orbital data similar to manned flight. | Possible precursor flight to 23 Apr. 1967 Soyuz 1 flight. |
| 1967 | ||||||
| Apollo 1 | 27 Jan. | Grissom White Chaffee |
204121 | - | Not a flight, but a plugs-out test at Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 34. | The 3 crewmembers were killed in a flash fire that swept through the spacecraft. |
| Cosmos 140 | 7 Feb. | Unmanned | 65751 | 48:00:001 | Orbital data similar to manned flight. | Possible precursor flight to 23 Apr. flight of Soyuz 1. |
| Cosmos 146 | 10 Mar. | Unmanned | 227201 | 192:00:001 | NA. | Alternatively identified as a precursor flight to either Zond or Soyuz. |
| Cosmos 154 | 8 Apr. | Unmanned | 227201 | 48:00:001 | Orbital data similar to manned flight. | Possible precursor to a later Soyuz flight. |
| Soyuz 1 Rubin Ruby |
23 Apr. | Komarov | 6451 | 26:40:00 | First manned test of the Soyuz spacecraft. | Because the spacecraft was experiencing movement around its axis upon reentry, the craft crash-landed when its parachute lines became tangled, killing the cosmonaut upon impact. |
| Cosmos 186 | 27 Oct. | Unmanned | 65751 | 84:40:001 | Demonstration of automatic docking of 2 Soyuz-type spacecraft (with Cosmos 188). | Successful 3½-hr docking period. |
| Cosmos 188 | 30 Oct. | Unmanned | 65751 | 72:00:001 | Demonstration of automatic docking of 2 Soyuz-type spacecraft (with Cosmos 186). | Successful 3½-hr docking period. |
| Apollo 4 AS 501 |
9 Nov. | Unmanned | CSM: 23401 LTA: 13381 |
08:37:09 | Demonstration of integrity and compatibility of launch vehicle and Apollo spacecraft, stage separation, heatshield performance, support tacilities, and recovery. | Successful; Ist flight of Saturn V launch vehicle. |
| 1968 | ||||||
| Apollo 5 AS 204 |
22 Jan. | Unmanned | LM: 14 300 | 07:52:03 | Verification of operation of LM and ascent propulsion systems and structure; evaluation of staging and launch vehicle performance. | Successful; first orbital test of LM; CSM replaced by dummy nose cone. |
| Zond 4 | 2 Mar. | Unmanned | 227201 | 161:00:00 | Flight check of Zond spacecraft. | Reentry vehicle similar to that of Soyuz reentry vehicle; Zond series identified by Soviets as fully capable of carrying a human crew around the moon. |
| Apollo 6 AS 502 |
4 Apr. | Unmanned | CSM: 25138 LTA: 11794 |
09:49:45 | Demonstration of structural and thermal integrity and compatibility of launch vehicle and spacecraft and stage separation; verification of operation of propulsion, guidance and control, and electrical systems; demonstration of mission support facilities. | Stage separation not achieved as planned; other objectives met. |
| Cosmos 212 | 14 Apr. | Unmanned | 65751 | 120:00:001 | Further demonstration of automatic rendezvous and docking (with Cosmos 213). | Successful. |
| Cosmos 213 | 15 Apr. | Unmanned | 65751 | 120:00:001 | Further demonstration of automatic rendezvous and docking (with Cosmos 212). | Successful. |
| Cosmos 238 | 28 Aug. | Unmanned | 65751 | 72:00:001 | Orbital data similar to manned flight. | Possible precursor flight to later Soyuz flights. |
| Zond 5 | 15 Sept. | Biological payload (?) | 227201 | 162:24:00 | Evaluation of effects of circumlunar flight on biological payload; demonstration of circumlunar flight and recovery of automatic spacecraft. | Successful; first Soviet water landing and recovery. |
| Apollo 7 AS 205 |
11 Oct. | Schirra Eisele Cunningham |
CSM: 14781 | 260:09:08 | Demonstration of crew performance, rendezvous capability, and crew/vehicle/support facilities performance; qualification of heat-shield. | Successful; rendezvous with Saturn IVB stage; 1st manned Apollo flight. |
| Soyuz 2 | 25 Oct. | Unmanned | 63501 | 72:30:00 | Target for Soyuz 3 rendezvous. | Successful. |
| Soyuz 3 Argon Argon |
26 Oct. | Beregovoy | 6576 | 94:51:00 | Perfection of rendezvous techniques in orbit; experiments with unmanned Soyuz 2. | Successful; performed automatic and manual rendezvous maneuvers. |
| Zond 6 | 10 Nov. | Biological payload (?) | 227201 | 162:46:30 | Cosmic ray experiment; determination of effects of flight on biological payload; circumlunar flight; lunar photography. | Successful. |
| Apollo 8 AS 503 |
21 Dec. | Borman Lovell Anders |
CSM: 28 817 LTA: 9 026 |
147:00:42 | Demonstration of performance in cislunar and lunar orbit environment; evaluation of crew performance in lunar orbit mission; demonstration of communications and tracking; high-resolution photography. | Successful; 1st manned lunar orbit; 1st manned Saturn V launch. |
| 1969 | ||||||
| Soyuz 4 Amur Amur |
14 Jan. | Shatalov | 6626 | 71:23:00 | Demonstration of rendezvous and manual docking of 2 manned spacecraft (with Soyuz 5). | Successful; performed docked maneuvers; overall volume = 18 cu. m. |
| Soyuz 5 Baykal Baikal |
15 Jan. | Volynov Khrunov Yeliseyev |
6586 | 72:56:00 | Demonstration of rendezvous and manual docking of 2 manned spacecraft; crew transfer by EVA to Soyuz 4. | Successful. |
| Apollo 9 AS 504 Gumdrop and Spider |
3 Mar. | McDivitt Scott Schweickart |
CSM: 26 801 LM: 14 575 |
241:00:53 | Demonstration of LM performance (propulsion, rendezvous, and docking capabilities); EVA and intervehicular crew transfer. | Successful. |
| Apollo 10 AS 505 Charlie Brown and Snoopy |
18 May | Stafford Young Cernan |
CSM: 28 834 LM: 13 941 |
192:03:23 | Qualification of combined spacecraft in lunar environment; LM rendezvous and CM docking in lunar gravitational field; evaluation of lunar navigation. | Successful; first lunar orbital mission with complete Apollo spacecraft. |
| Apollo 11 AS 506 Columbia and Eagle |
16 July | Armstrong Collins Aldrin |
CSM: 28 807 LM: 15 103 |
195:18:35 | Demonstration of lunar landing with manned Apollo spacecraft;"moon walk""; lunar photography. | Successful; first manned lunar landing; time on the moon = 21:36:20.9. |
| Zond 7 | 7 Aug. | Unmanned | 227201 | 144:00:001 | Further demonstration of circumlunar flight; lunar photography. | Successful. |
| Soyuz 6 Antey Antasus |
11 0ct. | Shonin Kubasov |
6578 | 118:42:00 | Welding experiments in vacuum; biomedical experiments; stellar observations; photography; maneuvers with the Soyuz 7 and 8 spacecraft. | Successful. |
| Soyuz 7 Buran Snowstorm |
12 Oct. | Filipchenko Volkov Gorbatko |
6571 | 118:41:00 | Same as Soyuz 6 (no welding planned); maneuvers with Soyuz 6 and 8 spacecraft. | Successful. |
| Soyuz 8 Granit Granite |
13 Oct. | Shatalov Yeliseyev |
6647 | 118:50:00 | Demonstration of service as a command ship for 3-craft maneuvers, illustrating capability for future space station construction; demonstration of ground control capability in multicraft situation. | Successful. |
| Apollo 12 AS 507 Yankee Clipper and Intrepid |
14 Nov. | Conrad Gordon Bean |
CSM: 28838 LM: 15235 |
244:36:25 | Precise lunar landing; lunar exploration; scientific experiments in Ocean of Storms area. | Successful; time on the moon = 31:31:12. |
| 1970 | ||||||
| Apollo 13 AS 508 Odyssey and Aquarius |
11 Apr. | Lovell Swigert Haise |
CSM: 28945 LM: 15196 |
142:54:41 | Performance of lunar mission at Fra Mauro; selenological inspection; experiments; development of working capability in lunar environment; lunar photography. | Nominal mission aborted because of an abrupt loss of SM cryogenic oxygen associated with a fire in 1 of the 2 tanks at about 56 hr GET; LM provided power and life support until transfer to CM for reentry. |
| Soyuz 9 Sokol Falcon |
1 June | Nikolayev Sevastyanov |
6501 | 424:59:00 | Acquisition of extensive observations on the effects of prolonged flight on both the crew and the spacecraft; performance of numerous course correction exercises. | Successful; longest manned flight in time to date; cosmonauts experienced abnormal blood pressure and color perception and fatigue upon landing but survived the long flight satisfactorily. |
| Zond 8 | 20 Oct. | Unmanned | 227201 | 161:00:00 | Further demonstration of circumlunar flight; lunar and planetary photography. | Successful; Soviets' second water recovery. |
| Cosmos 379 | 24 Nov. | Unmanned | 65751 | NA | Initial orbital data similar to Soyuz-type flight data but with a later lunar or interplanetary orbital launch platform. | Possible test of new lunar-type engine system. |
| Cosmos 382 | 2 Dec. | Unmanned | 227201 | NA | Orbital data. (Speculation has been made that this flight may have been a precursor to manned lunar flight.) | NA. |
| 1971 | ||||||
| Apollo 14 AS 509 Kitty Hawk and Antares |
31 Jan. | Shepard Roosa Mitchell |
CSM: 29240 LM: 15264 |
216:01:58 | Selenological inspection and sampling; development of capability to work in lunar environment; photographs of candidate exploration sights; experiments. | Basically successful; several minor problems prevented the lunar crew's performance of all objectives; time on the moon = 33:30:31. |
| Cosmos 398 | 26 Feb. | Unmanned | 65751 | NA | Initial orbital data similar to Soyuz-type flight data but with a later lunar or interplanetary orbital launch platform. | Possible test of new lunar-type engine system. |
| Salyut1 | 19 Apr. | Unmanned | 185971 | - | Service as a space station for experiments and observation (to be manned by visiting Soyuz flight). | Successful; Soyuz 10 (Apr. 1971) and 11 (June 1971) crews visited Salyut 1; reentered atmosphere 11 Oct. 1971. |
| Soyuz 10 Granit Granite |
23 Apr. | Shatalov Yeliseyev Rukavishnikov |
65771 | 47:46:00 | Test of new rendezvous and docking techniques (equipped with a docking collar). | Remained in docked position with Salyut 1 5 hr and 30 min; some speculation that crew had intended to enter station but could not because of malfunction. |
| Soyuz 11 Yantar Amber |
6 June | Dobrovolskiy Patsayev Volkov |
65771 | 570:22:00 (23+ days) |
Occupation of the Salyut station and performance of extensive experiments, biological and astronomical; observation of spacecraft systems. | All flight objectives met successfully during 24-day stay on Salyut; crew was killed during landing procedures when a seal in the spacecraft failed before the ship entered earth's atmosphere; all scientific logs and films were recovered. |
| Apollo 15 AS 510 Endeavor and Falcon |
26 July | Scott Worden Irwin |
CSM: 30370 LM: 16430 |
295:11:53 | Lunar inspection, survey, and sampling of materials in Hadley-Apennine region; experiments; evaluation of capability of lunar equipment during extended lunar surface stay. | Successful; used lunar rover during moon exploration; total lunar stay = 66:54:53; conducted 3 lunar EVA periods, plus 1 transearth coast EVA for a total of 19:47:00; 1 parachute failed on landing but the recovery was successful and the landing precise. |
| Cosmos 434 | 12 Aug. | Unmanned | 65751 | NA | Initial orbital data similar to Soyuz-type flight data but with later lunar or interplanetary orbital launch platform. | Possible test of new lunar-type engine system. |
| 1972 | ||||||
| Apollo 16 AS 511 Casper and Orion |
16 Apr. | Young Mattingly Duke |
CSM: 30395 LM: 16445 |
265:51:05 | Lunar inspection, survey, and materials sampling in Descartes region; experiments on lunar surface and in flight; photography. | Successful; total lunar stay = 71:02:13; lunar rover driven 26.7 km; lunar EVA periods totaled 20 hr and 14 min. |
| Cosmos 496 | 26 June | Unmanned | 65751 | NA | Performance of test flight to verify safety modifications to Soyuz breathing ventilation valve. | Successful; reentered 2 July. |
| Apollo 17 AS 512 America and Challenger |
7 Dec. | Cernan Evans Schmitt |
CSM: 30369 LM: 16456 |
301:51:59 | Lunar survey and sampling of materials in Taurus-Littrow region; surface experiments and photography; in-flight experiments and photography. | Successful; last Apollo flight to the moon; lunar stay = 74:59:38; 3 lunar EVA periods totaled 22:05:04; traveled 35 km in lunar rover. |
| 1973 | ||||||
| Salyut 2 | 3 ___. | Unmanned | 185971 | - | Service as a space station for experiments and observations; perfection of design and onboard systems. | Not successful; suspected thruster problem caused craft to tumble out of control, resulting in a solar panel malfunction; reentered 28 May 1973. |
| Cosmos 557 | 11 May | Unmanned | 185001 | 96:00:001 | Orbital data. (Observers believed craft was Salyut failure; U.S.S.R. denies any relationship to manned program.) | Mission apparently completed in 4 days; craft reentered 22 May 1973. |
| Skylab 1 AS 513 and 212 |
14 May | Unmanned | 74783 | - | Service as an orbiting space station in which to conduct experiments for lengthy periods of time by visiting crews. | Successful; manned by visiting crews from Skylab Mission 2 (May 1973), 3 (July 1973), and 4 (Nov. 1973); still in orbit. |
| Skylab 2 CSM 116 AS 206 |
25 May | Conrad Kerwin Weitz |
CM: 6076 | 672:49:49 (28+ days) |
Operation of orbital workshop as a habitable space structure for up to 28 days; acquisition of medical data on crew for use in extending duration of manned flight; in-flight experiments. | Successful; crew made repairs to workshop damaged during launch (Skylab parasol); some difficulty in performing the docking procedure. |
| Cosmos 573 | 15 June | Unmanned | 65751 | NA | Performance of test flight to verify safety modifications to Soyuz breathing ventilation valve. | Successful; reentered 17 June. |
| Skylab 3 CSM 117 AS 207 |
28 July | Bean Garriott Lousma |
CM: 6085 | 1427:09:04 (59+ days) |
Acquisition of data for evaluating performance of unmanned workshop; reactivation of workshop; acquisition of medical data on the crew; inflight experiments. | Successful; all scientific objectives met; crew met with some motion sickness during first 3 visit days. |
| Soyuz 12 Uraliy Urals |
27 Sept. | Lazarev Makarov |
65771 | 47:16:00 | Test of improved flight conditions; acquisition of spectrographic data of separate sections of the earth; evaluation of new space suit design. | Successful. |
| Cosmos 605 | 31 Oct. | Biological payload | 55001 | NA | Study of effects of space on living organisms (white rats, steppe turtles, insects, fungi); test of life-sustaining systems. | Successful; recovered 22 Nov. |
| Skylab 4 CSM 118 AS 208 |
16 Nov. | Carr Gibson Pogue |
CM: 6104 | 2017:15:31 (84+ days) |
Evaluation of performance of unmanned workshop and its reactivation; acquisition of extensive medical data from crew-members; in-flight experiments. | Successful; last visit to Skylab; total mission visit time = 4117:14:24; total mission flight time = 12 351:43:12; some initial problem with motion sickness; made extensive observations of Comet Kohoutek. |
| Cosmos 613 | 30 Nov. | Unmanned | 65701 | NA | Systems test of Soyuz to determine if craft could remain inactive in orbit and then be reactivated. | Successful; soft-landed 30 Jan. 1974. |
| Soyuz 13 Kavkaz Caucasus |
18 Dec. | Klimuk Lebedev |
65771 | 188:32:00 | Observation of stars in the ultraviolet range using a special system of telescopes; survey of separate sections of earth's surface and acquisition of data; continuation of comprehensive verification of onboard systems; test of manual and automatic control and methods of autonomous navigation in various flight conditions. | Successful. |
| 1974 | ||||||
| Cosmos 638 | 3 Apr. | Unmanned | 65701 | NA | Test of docking systems and rendezvous for ASTP. | Successful; reentered 13 Apr. |
| Cosmos 656 | 27 May | Unmanned | 65701 | NA | ASTP-related tests of Soyuz. | Successful; reentered 29 May. |
| Salyut 3 | 25 June | Unmanned | 181441 | - | Service as an unmanned orbital workshop to be visited and manned by Soyuz crews who will perform experiments and observations. | Successful; manned by Soyuz 14 (July 1974) crew; programmed re-entry and disintegration on 24 Jan. 1975. |
| Soyuz 14 Berkut Golden Eagle |
3 July | Popovich Artyukhin |
65771 | 336:00:001 | Test of Salyut's engineering system and energy supply; in-flight experiments. | Successful. |
| Cosmos 672 | 12 Aug. | Unmanned | 65701 | NA | ASTP-related tests of Soyuz. | Successful; reentered 18 Aug. |
| Soyuz 15 Dunay Danube |
26 Aug. | Sarafanov Demin |
65771 | 48:12:00 | Docking with Salyut 3; onboard tests and inflight experiments. | Unsuccessful; night landing in adverse weather conditions; crew recovered. |
| Cosmos 690 | 22 Oct. | Biological payload | NA | NA | Tests of effects of radiation on animals (white rats); cesium 137 gamma ray source on board. | Successful; 21-day flight. |
| Soyuz 16 Buran Snowstorm |
2 Dec. | Filipchenko Rukavishnikov |
65771 | 142:24:00 | Simulation of ASTP-type mission; U.S.-Soviet joint tracking exercise. | Successful. |
| Salyut 4 | 26 Dec. | Unmanned | 181441 | - | Unmanned orbiting space workshop to further test design, onboard systems, and equipment; scientific-technical studies conducted by visiting Soyuz crews. | Successful; manned by Soyuz 17 (Jan. 1975) crew. |
| 1975 | ||||||
| Soyuz 17 Zenit Zenith |
11 Jan. | Grechko Gubarev |
65771 | 720:00:00 1 (30 days)1 |
Extensive series of scientific and medical experiments onboard Salyut 4; observation of effects of prolonged weightlessness on man. | Successful; set Soviet record for time in space. |
| Soyuz anomaly Uraliy Urals |
5 Apr. | Lazarev Makarov |
65771 | 00:04:451 | Visit to Salyut 4 space station. | Aborted shortly after launch because of launch vehicle malfunction; crew recovered safely near Gorno Altaisk (in Siberia near the People's Republic of China border); first manned mission abort. |
| Soyuz 18 | 24 May | Klimuk Sevastyanov |
65771 | 1512:00:00 1 (63 days) |
Visit to Salyut 4 space station. | Successful; set Soviet record for time in space; landed 26 July. |
| Soyuz 19 | 15 July | Leonov Kubasov |
70001 | 142:30:54 (5+ days) |
Rendezvous and docking with U.S. Apollo crew; joint activities including crew transfer. | Successful; landed 21 July. |
| Apollo | 15 July | Stafford Brand Slayton |
CSM: 12905 DM: 2006 |
217:28:24 (9 days) |
Rendezvous and docking with U.S.S.R. Soyuz crew; joint activities including crew transfer. | Successful; landed 24 July. |
- A
- Apollo
- AS
- Apollo-Saturn
- ASTP
- Apollo-Soyuz Test Project
- BD
- Booster development
- CM
- Command module
- CSM
- Command and service module
- DM
- Docking module
- ECS
- Environmental control system
- EVA
- Extravehicular activity
- GET
- Ground-elapsed time
- GT
- Gemini-Titan
- LJ
- Little Joe
- LM
- Lunar module
- LTA
- Lunar test article
- MA
- Mercury-Atlas
- MR
- Mercury-Redstone
- NA
- Not available
- PA
- Pad abort
- SM
- Service module
1 Approximate.
2 Sometimes called "spacecraft."
3 Test vehicle at launch.